Farnam Street心智模型栅格
文章目录
著名的学习博客Farnam Street基于查理·芒格的心智模型栅格方法,整理了一系列思考和行动的框架,用来指导人们更好地认识世界,做出更好的决策。我整理成了快速参考表格,部分可点击连接跳转原始博文或百科释义。
阅读和整理最大的感受是,建立心智模型本身就是一种可能会造就启发式认知偏差的方法,对待真知的科学方法应是,从芒格这样的启发者得到“面包屑”,找到面包屑对应的每块面包,再研究面包原始作者、配方、菜谱、吃法,然后上升到去了解面包制作者和他的面包店,要能够了解到不同面包的流派,站在时间轴上看待面包的流行口味和永恒口味。最终,从无尽的分类学研究里抽离出来,build一间属于自己的面包店,与这个世界进行真实而睿智的交锋,无论是要成为美食家,还是自给自足的小店店主,都是可以接受的。
心智模型-快速参考表格
| General Thinking Concepts | 基本思维观念 |
|---|---|
| Inversion | 逆向思维 |
| Falsification / Confirmation Bias | 证实偏见 |
| Circle of Competence | 能力圈 |
| The Principle of Parsimony (Occam’s razor) | 奥卡姆剃刀 |
| Hanlon’s Razor | 汉隆剃刀 |
| Second-Order Thinking | 第二序思维 |
| The Map Is Not the Territory | 地图非疆域 |
| Thought Experiments | 爱因斯坦的思想实验 |
| Mr. Market | 市场先生 |
| Probabilistic Thinking (Numeracy/Bayesian Updating) | 概率思维(算术/贝叶斯修正) |
| Default Status | 初始状态 |
| Numeracy | 运算能力 |
|---|---|
| Permutations and Combinations | 排列组合 |
| Algebraic Equivalence | 代数等式 |
| Randomness | 随机性 |
| Stochastic Processes (Poisson/Markov/Random Walk) | 随机过程(泊松过程/马尔科夫链/随机漫步) |
| Compounding | 复合效应(复利) |
| Multiplying by Zero | 乘零效应 |
| Churn (Red Queen Effect) | 流失,搅动 |
| Law of Large Numbers | 大数定律 |
| Bell Curve/Normal Distribution | 正态分布 |
| Power Laws | 幂律 |
| Fat-Tailed Processes (Extremistan) | 肥尾效应(极端斯坦) |
| Bayesian Updating | 贝叶斯方法 |
| Regression to the Mean | 均值回归 |
| Order of Magnitude | 数量级思维 |
| System | 系统理论 |
|---|---|
| Scale | 规模 |
| Law of Diminishing Returns | 报酬递减法则 |
| Pareto Principle | 帕累托法则 |
| Feedback Loops (and Homeostasis) | 反馈环以及内稳态 |
| Chaos Dynamics (Sensitivity to Initial Conditions) | 混沌动力学(对初始条件的敏感性) |
| Preferential Attachment (Cumulative Advantage) | 偏好依附(优势积累效应) |
| Emergence | 涌现理论 |
| Irreducibility | 不可化归性/不可约性 |
| Tragedy of the Commons | 公地悲剧 |
| Gresham’s Law | 格雷欣法则 |
| Algorithms | 算法 |
| Fragility - Robustness - Antifragility | 脆弱-鲁棒性-反脆弱 |
| Backup Systems / Redundancy | 备份系统/冗余 |
| Margin of Safety | 安全边际 |
| Criticality | 临界态 |
| Network Effects | 网络效应 |
| Black Swan | 黑天鹅 |
| Via Negativa - Omission/Removal/Avoidance of Harm | 否定神学-去除危害 |
| The Lindy Effect | 林迪效应 |
| Renormalization Group | 重整化群 |
| Spring-loading | 螺旋加载 |
| Complex Adaptive Systems | 复杂适应系统 |
| Physical World | 物理学 |
|---|---|
| Law of Thermodynamics | 热力学原理 |
| Reciprocity | 相互作用力 |
| Velocity | 速度(速率和方向) |
| Relativity | 相对性原理/相对论 |
| Activation Energy | 活化能 |
| Catalysts | 催化剂 |
| Leverage | 杠杆作用 |
| Inertia | 惯性 |
| Alloying | 合金化 |
| The Biological World | 生物学 |
|---|---|
| Incentives | 诱因/动机/激励 |
| Cooperation (Including Symbiosis) | 合作(包括共生) |
| Tendency to Minimize Energy Output(Mental & Physical) | 耗能最小化趋势 |
| Adaptation | 适应 |
| Evolution by Natural Selection | 自然选择进化 |
| The Red Queen Effect (Co-evolutionary Arms Race) | 红皇后效应(进化军备竞赛) |
| Replication | 繁殖 |
| Hierarchical and Other Organizing Instincts | 等级制度和其他组织本能 |
| Self-Preservation Instincts | 自我保护本能 |
| Simple Physiological Reward-Seeking | 简单生物求赏本能 |
| Exaptation | 延伸适应 |
| Extinction | 灭绝 |
| Ecosystems | 生态系统 |
| Niches | 生态位(利基) |
| Dunbar’s Number | 顿巴数 |
| Human Nature & Judgment | 人性与判断 |
|---|---|
| Trust | 新人 |
| Bias from Incentives | 激励偏差 |
| Pavlovian Mere Association | 巴甫洛夫经典条件反射 |
| Tendency to Feel Envy & Jealousy | 天然羡慕嫉妒心 |
| Tendency to Distort Due to Liking/Loving or Disliking/Hating | 好恶造成评价偏差 |
| Denial | 否认 |
| Availability Heuristic | 可得性启发(可得性偏差) |
| Representativeness Heuristic | 代表性启发(代表性偏差) |
| a. Failure to Account for Base Rates | 基本比率谬误 |
| b. Tendency to Stereotype | 刻板印象 |
| c. Failure to See False Conjunctions | 关联谬误 |
| Social Proof (Safety in Numbers) | 社交证言认同(数字安全感) |
| Narrative Instinct | 叙事本能 |
| Curiosity Instinct | 好奇心 |
| Language Instinct | 语言本能 |
| First-Conclusion Bias | 第一结论偏差/先入为主 |
| Tendency to Overgeneralize from Small Samples | 以偏概全 |
| Relative Satisfaction/Misery Tendencies | 相对的满足、相对的痛苦 |
| Commitment & Consistency Bias | 承诺偏差和一致性偏差 |
| Hindsight Bias | 事后诸葛亮 |
| Sensitivity to Fairness | 公平敏感性 |
| Tendency to Overestimate Consistency of Behavior (Fundamental Attribution Error) | 过分估计行为一致性(基本归因错误,高估内因低估外因) |
| Influence of Authority | 权威影响 |
| Influence of Stress (Including Breaking Points) | 压力影响 |
| Survivorship Bias | 幸存者偏差 |
| Tendency to Want to Do Something (Fight/Flight, Intervention, Demonstration of Value, etc.) | 盲目行动 |
| Microeconomics & Strategy | 微观经济学和策略 |
|---|---|
| Opportunity Costs | 机会成本 |
| Creative Destruction | 创造性破坏 |
| Comparative Advantage | 比较优势 |
| Specialization (Pin Factory) | 专业分工 |
| Seizing the Middle | 控制中场 |
| Trademarks, Patents, and Copyrights | 商标,专利,版权 |
| Double-Entry Bookkeeping | 复式记账法 |
| Utility (Marginal, Diminishing, Increasing) | 效用(边际效用,边际效用递减,边际效用递增) |
| Bottlenecks | 瓶颈 |
| Prisoner’s Dilemma | 囚徒困境 |
| Bribery | 贿赂(寻租) |
| Arbitrage | 套利 |
| Supply and Demand | 供给和需求 |
| Scarcity | 稀缺性 |
| Military & War | 军事战争 |
|---|---|
| Seeing the Front | 看到前线/身临前线 |
| Asymmetric Warfare | 非对称作战 |
| Two-Front War | 两线作战 |
| Counterinsurgency | 镇压叛乱 |
| Mutually Assured Destruction | 共同毁灭原则(确保同归于尽) |